What is Obesity?
Obesity is a medical condition where there is an excessive buildup of body fat, which can have a negative effect on overall health [1]. It occurs when fat cells in the body grow in size and number, often measured by body mass index (BMI) [2]. Obesity is linked to a higher risk of developing several health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers [3, 4].
Causes of Obesity
Obesity is primarily caused by a long-term caloric surplus where energy intake is higher than energy expenditure [1, 5, 6]. This happens when the body consumes more calories than it uses through daily activities and exercise. The excess calories get stored as fat, which can lead to weight gain and, over time, obesity [7].
However, the causes of obesity are multifactorial and involve an interplay of genetic, behavioural, and environmental influences on metabolism, diet, and activity [1]. Genetic factors can influence how efficiently your body converts food into energy and how fat is stored [7]. In addition, environmental factors, such as the effects of modern urban living like light pollution, air pollution, and limited access to green spaces with fresh air has also been linked to the rise in obesity rates [4].
Behavioral factors, such as a lack of physical activity, poor sleep, high stress, and unhealthy eating habits, also contribute to the development of obesity [7, 8]. In addition, certain health conditions can make weight gain more likely. For example, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, and Prader-Willi syndrome are all linked to weight gain and can increase the risk of obesity [7].
What are the charecteristics of obesity?
Obesity is a complex condition with a multitude of characteristics that span across physiological, psychological, and social domains.
Physiological: Physiologically, obesity is characterized accumulation of excess adipose tissue [9]. This condition is often associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI), with a person considered obese when their BMI is equal to or higher than 30 kg/m2 [10].
Obese individuals may tend to eat more high-fat, high-calorie foods because these foods trigger a reward response in the brain. The sensory qualities of these foods, like their taste, are linked to increased food cravings and a desire to keep eating [11].
Psychological: Psychologically, obesity is often linked to certain personality traits. Some studies show that obese individuals may be more prone to harm avoidance, have lower self-direction and persistence, and experience greater dissatisfaction with their body image [12]. Other research suggests they might also struggle with lower self-esteem, have less impulse control, and exhibit passive-dependent or passive-aggressive behaviors [13].
Social: Socially, obesity is often looked down upon, often associated with stereotypes [14]. This negative outlook leads to prejudice, discrimination, and feelings of rejection and guilt among obese individuals [13].
Why do obese people have big calves?
Obese individuals often have larger calves due to a combination of factors. One of the primary reasons is the accumulation of subcutaneous fat, which is the layer of fat located just beneath the skin [15]. This fat accumulation can lead to an increase in the size of the calves.
Treating obesity
Obesity is a chronic condition that requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. It's not just about losing weight but also improving overall health and preventing complications in the long term [15].
Lifestyle changes: The first step in managing obesity typically involves lifestyle changes, such as adopting a balanced, low-calorie diet and increasing physical activity. These changes are essential but often require strong commitment and persistence from the patient [15, 16].
Medications: For those who struggle with lifestyle changes alone, medication may be an option. Drugs like sibutramine, which reduces appetite, and orlistat, which blocks fat absorption, can help some individuals lose more weight—typically 3% to 5% more than with a placebo over a year [17, 18]. However, it's crucial to consult a healthcare provider before starting these medications, as their effectiveness can vary and side effects are possible [19, 20].
Surgical methods: In cases of severe obesity that don't respond to other treatments, surgery might be recommended. Procedures like gastric bypass or gastroplasty can be effective for significant weight loss, but these are usually reserved for individuals with extreme obesity who haven't had success with other options [16, 21].
Ultimately, managing obesity requires a multi-pronged approach that combines diet, exercise, medication, and sometimes surgery. The key goal is not just to lose weight, but to improve overall health and reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases [15].