What are copper IUDs?
A copper intrauterine device (IUD) is a long-lasting, non-hormonal form of birth control that is placed into the uterus by a healthcare professional. The device is T-shaped, about the size of a quarter, and wrapped with a coil of copper. The copper creates a toxic environment for sperm, preventing them from meeting an egg. It does this by releasing copper ions locally, which changes the uterus lining and the cervical mucus makeup, making the environment less hospitable for sperm [1].
Side effects of copper IUDs
Common Side effects: The copper IUD can cause several side effects. The most common side effect is heavier and longer periods, especially during the first 3 to 6 months after insertion [1]. Other side effects include spotting, irregular bleeding, increased or worsened cramping, anaemia, backache, breakthrough bleeding, cramping, vaginal inflammation, pain during sex, severe menstrual pain, heavy periods, and vaginal discharge [2].
Uncommon Side effects: In rare cases, the IUD can be expelled from the body, especially in women who have never been pregnant, have heavy periods and severe menstrual pain, have expelled an IUD before, are under the age of 20, or had the IUD inserted immediately after childbirth or after an abortion in the second trimester [2].
There's also a slight possibility of perforating the wall of the uterus, particularly during placement. If perforation occurs, the IUD should be removed, and surgery may be needed. Perforation may cause infection, scarring, or damage to other organs [2].
In some cases, the copper IUD can lead to severe copper allergy symptoms, such as uterine tissue inflammation and fluid build-up in vaginal tissues [3].
Frequently asked questions
1. Can a copper IUD cause depression?
Current research does not conclusively link copper IUDs to an increased risk of depression.[4]
2. Can a copper IUD cause mood swings?
While some people may experience mood changes while using an IUD, there is no definitive evidence that copper IUDs cause mood swings.[5]
3. Can a copper IUD lead to yellow or brown discharge?
There may not be sufficient evidence to answer exactly whether a copper intrauterine device (IUD) can cause yellow or brown discharge. However, it's important to note that any changes in vaginal discharge, including colour changes, could potentially indicate an infection or other medical condition.[3]
4. Can copper IUDs cause Migraines?
Copper IUDs can cause a variety of side effects, but users have not reported migraines, and there is no evidence that copper IUDs directly cause migraines.
5. Can copper IUDs cause Thyroid problems?
Copper IUDs work by causing local inflammation in the uterus, which prevents sperm from fertilizing eggs [3]. They do not interfere with hormonal balance, which typically affects thyroid function.
8. Can a copper IUD migrate to the bladder?
Yes, although it's rare, a copper IUD can migrate to the bladder and cause urinary symptoms [6, 7]. A similar occurrence has been reported in the case of a 28-year-old woman who had a copper IUD inserted six months prior [6]. In another case, a 35-year-old woman with a copper IUD experienced chronic urinary symptoms due to the IUD migrating to the bladder [7].
9. Can a copper IUD cause itching or an allergic reaction?
Studies have shown that copper IUDs do not typically cause allergic reactions. In a study of 37 patients with side effects from copper IUDs, none were allergic to copper [8]. Similarly, in a study of 1888 women using copper IUDs, none showed positive delayed allergic reactions to copper sulphate [9]. However, one case reported a 24-year-old woman developing an acute urticarial (hives) reaction secondary to a copper IUD [10].
10. Can I expect to lose weight after removing my copper IUD?
Weight changes after copper IUD removal can vary significantly from person to person. Some people may lose weight, while others may gain or see no change.[11]
It's important to note that everyone's body reacts differently to medical devices and treatments. If you're considering a copper IUD and have concerns about potential side effects, it's best to discuss these with your healthcare provider. They can provide personalized advice based on your medical history and health status.